Armenia and Azerbaijan, engaged in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, are known for their strong son preference and widespread use of abortion. In such a peculiar setting, we ask: does ethnic conflict affect son preference? By merging Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data with two different sources of conflict-related casualties, we investigate the effect of ethnic conflict on fertility decisions. To do so, we leverage variations in geographic and temporal exposure to conflict-related violence in the context of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994), alongside variation in the gender composition of children between families. We find that families with only daughters exposed to conflict increase their fertility in the very short term. Furthermore, our analysis of births by gender reveals that this result is driven by the birth of sons. Conflict intensifies son preference, manifesting in son-targeted fertility behavior and sex-selective abortions. Lastly, we identify child replacement as a mechanism contributing to the increase in fertility, driven primarily by the replacement of male children. 

Awarded the Grigor Artsruni Award at the Armenian Economic Association Conference in Yerevan

Presented at: ArmEA 2025 (American University of Armenia); 2025 Mend the Gap in Economic Opportunities in Europe and Central Asia (World Bank, Axa Gender Lab at Bocconi University & EIEF); 2025 BAEM (Bristol Applied Economics Meetings) Workshop on Gender, Diversity and Human Capital*; 2024 FROGEE Academic Conference (SSE);  IELM-DD Internal Seminar  (Centre d' Économie  de la Sorbonne) 

*indicates presentation by co-author

Can trainings improve anemia prevention in India? We conduct a randomized controlled trial to test a novel intervention for increasing anemia knowledge, attitudes, practices, and testing behavior. We design and integrate a training on anemia into an existing soft skills training program. The target group consists of highly educated women undergoing the transition from university education to the job market in Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 1,101 learners were recruited and randomly assigned to treatment and control groups through stratified randomization based on graduation status and preferences on the session time of the day. We distribute free hemoglobin tests to the participants in both treated and control groups. We find significant improvements in knowledge, attitudes, and practices among the treated group. However, while we find that the training increases hemoglobin test takeup for the treated group, the increase is not statistically significant.

This paper investigates how a mother's well-being during her first experience of motherhood influences both her desire and likelihood of having a second child. Using data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, the emotional state of mothers when their first child is approximately 9 months old is examined across four key areas: emotional support from their partner, life satisfaction, frequent tiredness, and experiences of misery or depression. The findings indicate that partner support and life satisfaction positively affect both the desire for a second child and the likelihood of having one, as shown by longitudinal data. The study also explores how these emotional states are shaped by broader life contexts, including work conditions, financial concerns, and the partner’s involvement in domestic and caregiving responsibilities.